Characteristic

2007

2009

total occupied housing units

Inadequate housing units

Total occupied housing units

Inadequate housing units

no.

(%)

Unadjusted OR

(95% CI)

no.

(%)

Unadjusted OR

(95% CI)

Sex

Male

61,206

2,862

(4.7)

Ref.

—

60,721

2,962

(4.9)

Ref.

—

Female

49,486

2,909

(5.9)

1.1

(1.1–1.2)

51,084

2,795

(5.5)

1.1

(1.1–1.2)

Race/Ethnicity

White, non-Hispanic

78,744

3,174

(4.0)

Ref.

—

79,333

3,222

(4.1)

Ref.

Hispanic

12,609

966

(7.7)

2.0

(1.7–2.3)

12,739

991

(7.8)

2.0

(1.7–2.3)

Black, non-Hispanic

13,437

1,292

(9.6)

2.5

(2.2–3.0)

13,609

1,228

(9.0)

2.3

(2.0–2.7)

Asian/Paciic Islander

4,050

174

(4.3)

1.1

(0.8–1.5)

4,181

192

(4.6)

1.1

(0.8–1.5)

American Indian/Alaska Native

707

(7.2)

1.8

(1.0–3.5)

730

(7.5)

1.9

(1.1–3.4)

Sex, by race/ethnicity

Male

White, non-Hispanic

45,116

1,638

(3.6)

Ref.

—

44,537

1,704

(3.8)

Ref.

—

Hispanic

7,086

508

(7.2)

2.1

(1.6–2.6)

7,160

577

(8.1)

2.2

(1.8–2.7)

Black, non-Hispanic

5,545

548

(9.9)

2.9

(2.3–3.7)

5,520

512

(9.3)

2.6

(2.1–3.2)

Asian/Paciic Islander

2,536

(3.7)

1.0

(0.7–1.6)

2,577

117

(4.6)

1.2

(0.8–1.7)

American Indian/ Alaska Native

348

(5.3)

1.5

(0.6–3.9)

352

(7.8)

2.1

(0.9–4.8)

Female

White, non-Hispanic

33,628

1,536

(4.6)

Ref.

—

34,795

1,518

(4.4)

Ref.

—

Hispanic

5,523

458

(8.3)

1.9

(1.5–2.4)

5,580

414

(7.4)

1.8

(1.4–2.2)

Black, non-Hispanic

7,892

744

(9.4)

2.2

(1.8–2.7)

8,090

716

(8.9)

2.1

(1.8–2.6)

Asian/Paciic Islander

1,514

(5.2)

1.2

(0.7–2.0)

1,604

(4.7)

1.1

(0.7–1.8)

American Indian/ Alaska Native

359

(9.0)

2.1

(0.9–4.8)

378

(7.2)

1.7

(0.7–3.9)

Annual income ($)

≤24,999

46,912

2,771

(9.4)

4.9

(4.1–5.9)

49,240

2,615

(8.5)

3.8

(3.2–4.6)

25,000–49,999

31,170

1,650

(5.3)

2.6

(2.2–3.2)

29,757

1,711

(5.7)

2.5

(2.1–3.1)

50,000–74,999

18,985

700

(3.7)

1.8

(1.4–2.3)

18,557

663

(3.6)

1.5

(1.2–1.9)

≥75,000

31,137

650

(2.1)

Ref.

—

32,558

768

(2.4)

Ref.

—

Education level

Less than high school

16,779

1,507

(9.0)

2.2

(1.9–2.6)

15,229

1,278

(8.4)

2.1

(1.8–2.5)

High school diploma

30,559

1,564

(5.1)

1.2

(1.1–1.4)

30,692

1,770

(5.8)

1.4

(1.3–1.6)

Any college education

63,354

2,700

(4.3)

Ref.

—

65,884

2,709

(4.1)

Ref.

—

U.S.Census region

Northeast

23,128

1,096

(5.4)

1.3

(1.0–1.5)

23,316

1,320

(6.5)

1.6

(1.3–1.9)

Midwest

29,202

1,063

(4.2)

1.0

(0.8–1.2)

29,403

1,092

(4.3)

1.0

(0.9–1.3)

South

48,324

2,554

(6.3)

1.5

(1.3–1.7)

49,372

2,332

(5.6)

1.5

(1.2–1.6)

West

27,550

1,058

(4.3)

Ref.

—

28,021

1,013

(4.2)

Ref.

—

Disability status

Yes

3,657

245

(6.7)

1.3

(1.0–1.8)

3,647

226

(6.2)

1.2

(0.9–1.6)

107,035

5,526

(5.2)

Ref.

—

108,151

5,531

(5.1)

Ref.

—

total

110,692

5,771

(5.2)

—

111,800

5,757

(5.2)

—

2007

2009

Characteristic

total occupied housing units

Unhealthyhousingunits

total occupied housing units

Unhealthyhousingunits

no.

(%)

Unadjusted odds ratio

(95%CI)

no.

(%)

Unadjusted odds ratio

(95%CI)

Sex

Male

61,206

14,037

(22.9)

Ref.

—

60,721

13,647

(22.5)

Ref.

—

Female

49,486

12,303

(24.9)

1.1

(1.1–1.2)

51,084

12,549

(24.6)

1.1

(1.1–1.2)

Race/Ethnicity

White, non-Hispanic

78,744

18,446

(23.4)

Ref.

—

79,333

17,992

(22.7)

Ref.

—

Hispanic

12,609

2,754

(21.8)

0.9

(0.8–1.0)

12,739

3,079

(24.2)

1.1

(1.0–1.2)

Black, non-Hispanic

13,437

3,849

(28.6)

1.3

(1.2–1.4)

13,609

3,847

(28.3)

1.3

(1.2–1.5)

Asian/Paciic Islander

4,050

705

(17.4)

0.7

(0.6–0.8)

4,181

720

(17.2)

0.7

(0.6–0.8)

American Indian/Alaska Native

707

218

(30.8)

1.5

(1.0–2.1)

730

233

(31.9)

1.6

(1.1–2.3)

Sex, by race/ethnicity

Male

White, non-Hispanic

45,116

10,384

(23.0)

Ref.

—

44,537

9,895

(22.2)

Ref.

—

Hispanic

7,086

1,433

(20.2)

0.9

(0.7–1.0)

7,160

1,625

(22.7)

1.0

(0.9–1.2)

Black, non-Hispanic

5,545

1,524

(27.5)

1.3

(1.1–1.5)

5,520

1,439

(26.1)

1.2

(1.1–1.4)

Asian/Paciic Islander

2,536

398

(15.7)

0.6

(0.5–0.8)

2,577

433

(16.8)

0.7

(0.6–0.9)

American Indian/Alaska Native

348

106

(30.4)

1.5

(0.9–2.4)

352

120

(34.1)

1.8

(1.1–3.0)

Female

White, non-Hispanic

33,628

8,062

(24.0)

Ref.

—

34,795

8,097

(23.3)

Ref.

—

Hispanic

5,523

1,321

(23.9)

1.0

(0.9–1.2)

5,580

1,454

(26.1)

1.2

(1.0–1.3)

Black, non-Hispanic

7,892

2,325

(29.5)

1.3

(1.2–1.5)

8,090

2,408

(29.8)

1.4

(1.3–1.6)

Asian/Paciic Islander

1,514

308

(20.3)

0.8

(0.6–1.1)

1,604

288

(17.9)

0.7

(0.6–1.0)

American Indian/Alaska Native

359

112

(31.2)

1.4

(0.8–2.5)

378

113

(29.8)

1.4

(0.9–2.3)

Annual income($)

≤24,999

46,912

8,004

(27.2)

1.3

(1.2–1.5)

49,240

8,219

(26.6)

1.4

(1.3–1.5)

25,000–49,999

31,170

7,215

(23.1)

1.1

(1.0–1.2)

29,757

7,079

(23.8)

1.2

(1.1–1.3)

50,000–74,999

18,985

4,330

(22.8)

1.1

(1.0–1.2)

18,557

4,065

(21.9)

1.1

(1.0–1.2)

≥75,000

31,137

6,791

(21.8)

Ref.

—

32,558

6,833

(21.0)

Ref.

—

Education level

Lessthan high school

16,779

4,283

(25.5)

1.1

(1.0–1.2)

15,229

3,795

(24.9)

1.1

(1.0–1.1)

High school diploma

30,559

6,635

(21.7)

0.9

(0.8–0.9)

30,692

6,829

(22.3)

0.9

(0.9–1.0

Any college education

63,354

15,422

(24.3)

Ref.

—

65,884

15,572

(23.6)

Ref.

—

U.S. Census region

Northeast

23,128

6,390

(31.3)

2.0

(1.8–2.1)

23,316

5,538

(27.1)

1.6

(1.4–1.7)

Midwest

29,202

6,426

(25.4)

1.5

(1.3–1.6)

29,403

6,878

(27.1)

1.6

(1.4–1.7)

South

48,324

8,889

(21.9)

1.2

(1.1–1.3)

49,372

9,088

(21.9)

1.2

(1.1–1.3)

West

27,550

4,635

(19.0)

Ref.

—

28,021

4,692

(19.2)

Ref.

Disability status

Yes

3,657

987

(27.0)

1.2

(1.0–1.4)

3,647

1,100

(30.2)

1.4

(1.2–1.7)

107,035

25,353

(23.7)

Ref.

—

108,151

25,096

(23.2)

Ref.

—

total

110,692

26,196

(23.4)

—

111,800

26,340

(23.8)

—

Characteristics

total occupied housing units

Rodent seen in unit recently

Leaks during preceding 12 months

no.

(%)

Unadjusted odds ratio

(95 %CI)

no.

(%)

Unadjusted odds ratio

(95%CI)

Sex

Male

60,721

3,716

(35.2)

Ref.

—

5,748

(9.6)

Ref.

—

Female

51,084

3,219

(38.9)

1.2

(1.0–1.3)

5,215

(10.3)

1.1

(1.0–1.2)

Race/Ethnicity

White, non-Hispanic

51,084

4,692

(33.4)

Ref.

—

8,077

(10.3)

Ref.

—

Hispanic

79,333

849

(51.3)

2.1

(1.7–2.6)

997

(7.9)

0.7

(0.6–0.9)

Black, non-Hispanic

12,739

1,028

(44.8)

1.6

(1.3–2.0)

1,447

(10.7)

1.1

(0.9–1.2)

Asian/Paciic Islander

13,609

172

(43.9)

1.6

(1.1–2.3)

229

(5.5)

0.5

(0.4–0.7)

American Indian/Alaska Native

4,181

(53.0)

2.3

(1.1–4.7)

(11.2)

1.1

(0.7–1.8)

Sex, by race/ethnicity

Male

White, non-Hispanic

44,537

2,739

(33.0)

Ref.

—

4,439

(10.1)

Ref.

—

Hispanic

7,160

398

(44.8)

1.7

(1.2–2.2)

545

(7.7)

0.7

(0.6–0.9)

Black, non-Hispanic

5,520

353

(41.0)

1.4

(1.0–1.9)

561

(10.3)

1.0

(0.8–1.2)

Asian/Paciic Islander

2,577

115

(46.3)

1.8

(1.1–2.9)

113

(4.4)

0.4

(0.3–0.6)

American Indian/Alaska Native

352

(65.1)

3.8

(1.3–11.1)

(11.9)

1.2

(0.6–2.4)

Female

White, non-Hispanic

34,795

1,953

(34.0)

Ref.

—

3,639

(10.6)

Ref.

—

Hispanic

5,580

451

(59.0)

2.8

(2.0–3.9)

452

(8.1)

0.8

(0.6–0.9)

Black, non-Hispanic

8,090

675

(47.1)

1.7

(1.3–2.2)

885

(11.1)

1.1

(0.9–1.2)

Asian/Paciic Islander

1,604

(39.9)

1.3

(0.7–2.5)

116

(7.3)

0.7

(0.5–1.0)

American Indian/Alaska Native

378

(36.1)

1.1

(0.4–3.3)

(10.5)

1.0

(0.5–1.9)

Annualincome($)

≤24,999

49,240

2,388

(45.1)

1.9

(1.6–2.2)

2,957

(9.7)

1.0

(0.9–1.1)

25,000–49,999

29,757

1,913

(38.0)

1.4

(1.2–1.7)

2,915

(9.9)

1.0

(0.9–1.1)

50,000–74,999

18,557

971

(32.1)

1.1

(0.9–1.3)

1,881

(10.3)

1.0

(0.9–1.2)

≥75,000

32,558

1,663

(30.5)

Ref.

—

3,209

(9.9)

Ref.

—

Education level

Less than high school

15,229

1,270

(44.1)

1.5

(1.3–1.8)

1,297

(8.6)

0.8

(0.7–0.9)

High school diploma

30,692

1,955

(38.2)

1.2

(1.0–1.4)

2,698

(8.9)

0.8

(0.7–0.9)

Any college education

65,884

3,709

(34.3)

Ref.

—

6,969

(10.7)

Ref.

—

U.S. Census region

Northeast

23,316

1,850

(43.1)

1.6

(1.3–2.0)

2,285

(11.3)

1.8

(1.6–2.1)

Midwest

29,403

1,571

(33.9)

1.1

(0.9–1.4)

3,694

(14.7)

2.4

(2.1–2.8)

South

49,372

2,485

(37.3)

1.3

(1.0–1.6)

3,383

(8.3)

1.3

(1.1–1.5)

West

28,021

1,029

(31.9)

Ref.

—

1,600

(6.6)

Ref.

Disability status

Yes

3,647

289

(41.6)

1.2

(0.9–1.7)

469

(12.9)

1.4

(1.1–1.7)

108,151

6,646

(36.7)

Ref.

—

10,494

(9.8)

Ref.

—

total

111,800

6,935

(36.9)

—

10,960

(9.9)

—

Characteristics

Peeling paint

no working smoke alarm

no.

(%)

Unadjusted odds ratio

(95% CI)

no.

(%)

Unadjusted odds ratio

(95% CI)

Sex

Male

1,170

(1.9)

Ref.

—

3,352

(5.6)

Ref.

—

Female

1,207

(2.4)

1.2

(1.0–1.5)

2,806

(5.6)

1.2

(1.0–1.5)

Race/Ethnicity

White, non-Hispanic

1,471

(1.9)

Ref.

3,542

(4.5)

Ref.

—

Hispanic

311

(2.4)

1.3

(1.0–1.7)

1,447

(11.4)

2.7

(2.4–3.1)

Black, non-Hispanic

480

(3.5)

1.9

(1.5–2.4)

795

(5.9)

1.3

(1.1–1.6)

Asian/Paciic Islander

(0.9)

0.5

(0.3–0.9)

212

(5.2)

1.2

(0.9–1.5)

American Indian/Alaska Native

(4.7)

2.6

(1.2–5.7)

(10.8)

2.6

(1.5–4.4)

Sex, by race/ethnicity

Male

White, non-Hispanic

780

(1.8)

Ref.

—

1,907

(4.3)

Ref.

—

Hispanic

155

(2.2)

1.2

(0.9–1.8)

845

(11.9)

3.0

(2.5–3.6)

Black, non-Hispanic

189

(3.4)

2.0

(1.4–2.9)

403

(7.3)

1.8

(1.4–2.2)

Asian/Paciic Islander

(0.8)

0.5

(0.2–1.1)

117

(4.6)

1.1

(0.7–1.6)

American Indian/Alaska Native

(5.7)

3.4

(1.1–10.2)

(12.6)

3.2

(1.5–6.7)

Female

White, non-Hispanic

691

(2.0)

Ref.

—

1,635

(4.8)

Ref.

—

Hispanic

156

(2.8)

1.4

(1.0–2.0)

601

(10.8)

2.4

(2.0–3.0)

Black, non-Hispanic

291

(3.6)

1.8

(1.4–2.5)

393

(4.9)

1.0

(0.8–1.3)

Asian/Paciic Islander

(1.1)

0.6

(0.2–1.4)

(6.0)

1.3

(0.8–2.0)

American Indian/Alaska Native

(3.7)

1.9

(0.6–5.5)

(9.1)

2.0

(0.9–4.3)

Annual income ($)

≤24,999

1,969

(4.0)

3.4

(2.7–4.2)

5,679

(12.6)

5.4

(4.6–6.3)

25,000–49,999

639

(2.1)

1.8

(1.4–2.3)

1,826

(6.2)

2.5

(2.1–3.0)

50,000–74,999

332

(1.8)

1.5

(1.1–2.0)

752

(4.1)

1.6

(1.3–2.0)

≥75,000

399

(1.2)

Ref.

—

843

(2.6)

Ref.

—

Education level

Less than high school

446

(2.9)

1.5

(1.2–1.9)

1,800

(12.0)

3.6

(3.1–4.1)

High school diploma

636

(2.1)

1.1

(0.9–1.3)

1,962

(6.5)

1.8

(1.6–2.1)

Any college education

1,295

(2.0)

Ref.

—

2,396

(3.7)

Ref.

—

U.S. Census region

Northeast

648

(2.8)

1.5

(1.2–2.0)

1,093

(4.9)

0.7

(0.6–0.8)

Midwest

980

(3.3

1.9

(1.5–2.3)

1,694

(6.0)

0.8

(0.7–1.0)

South

1,199

(2.4)

1.3

(1.1–1.7)

4,382

(9.3)

1.3

(1.2–1.5)

West

512

(1.8)

Ref.

—

1,931

(7.1)

Ref.

—

Disability status

Yes

148

(4.1)

2.0

(1.3–3.0)

194

(5.4)

1.0

(0.7–1.3)

2,230

(2.1)

Ref.

—

5,961

(5.6)

Ref.

—

total

2,378

(2.1)

—

6,157

(5.6)

—